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</html>";s:4:"text";s:38832:"At an area called "Wyckoff Dock" they saw what appeared to be an "old, black weather-beaten board or a weathered log. [70], The attacks at Matawan are the subject of the National Geographic Channel documentary Attacks of the Mystery Shark (2002), which examines the possibility that a bull shark was responsible for killing Stanley Fisher and Lester Stilwell;[41] Discovery Channel's Blood in the Water (2009); Shore Thing (2009) (directed by Lovari and James Hill); and the Smithsonian Channel's The Real Story: Jaws (2011).[50]. [68][69] Fernicola also wrote and directed a 90-minute documentary called Tracking the Jersey Man-Eater. People go out in the ocean as a Nassau County Police Marine Unit boat patrols the waters at Nickerson Beach Park in Lido Beach, New York, today. 				Terms of Use			 Vansant was in the surf playing with a dog and it may be that a small shark had drifted in at high water, and was marooned by the tide. [47] On the other hand, Richard Fernicola notes that 1916 was a "shark year", as fishermen and captains were reporting hundreds of sharks swimming in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. See the graphic map, "1916–2006 United States (incl. Officials: 2 possible shark attacks off Fire Island On Wednesday, two children were bitten on the leg in the waters off Sailors Haven and Atlantique beaches on Fire Island, officials said. No Longer Doubted That Big Fish Attack Men. Before dinner, Vansant decided to take a quick swim in the Atlantic with a Chesapeake Bay Retriever that was playing on the beach. He told The Philadelphia Inquirer in early 1916 that "it is beyond the power even of the largest Carcharodon to sever the leg of an adult man." Holowach’s tragic death marked the 13th shark attack … Capuzzo offers an in-depth dramatization of the incident, and Fernicola examines the scientific, medical, and social aspects of the attacks. A sea captain who saw the event believed it was a Spanish shark driven from the Caribbean Sea decades earlier by bombings during the Spanish–American War. He admits, "The evidence is long gone, and we will never really know if it was one shark or several, one species or another, that was responsible. The years before that only saw one or two deaths annually. He believed that sharks tangled in fishing nets or feeding on carrion might accidentally bite a nearby human. All Long Island who is a consistent. 				Sitemap			 Marine experts believe the shark attack in Maine may have been caused by a seal population boom, and that Holowach was mistaken for one of the animals because she was wearing a wet suit. It wasn’t safe to go back in the water of the Jersey Shore in 1916, as a series of deadly shark attacks forever changed Americans’ attitudes toward the sea creatures. Science Admits Its Error. A boy and a girl were attacked about the same time late Wednesday morning at two Fire Island beaches about four miles apart. The victim was Charles Bruder, 27, a Swiss bell captain at the Essex & Sussex Hotel. Near Long Island, experts said the sightings this week were likely bull sharks, which are aggressive and scavenge for food in warm water. 			 Putting that into perspective, the chances of getting heart disease are 1 in 5, Cancer 1 in 7, Air/space accident 1 in 5,051, and by lightning, 1 in 79,746. [2][3], The next two major attacks took place in Matawan Creek near the town of Keyport on Wednesday, July 12. [32], On July 14, Harlem taxidermist and Barnum and Bailey lion tamer Michael Schleisser caught a 7.5-foot (2.3 m), 325-pound (147 kg) shark while fishing in Raritan Bay, only a few miles from the mouth of Matawan Creek. [19], Shark sightings increased along the Mid-Atlantic Coast following the attacks. The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 played out between July 1 and July 12, 1916, killing four people and injuring one. White Shark. After hearing screams, a woman notified two lifeguards that a canoe with a red hull had capsized and was floating just at the water's surface. "[13] At first, after the Beach Haven incident, scientists and the press only reluctantly blamed the death of Charles Vansant on a shark. Between July 1 and 12, 1916, five people were attacked along the coast of New Jersey by sharks; only one of the victims survived. The paper reported that "the foremost authority on sharks in this country has doubted that any shark ever attacked a human being, and has published his doubts, but the recent cases have changed his view. [45], The increased presence of humans in the water proved a factor in the attacks: "As the worldwide human population continues to rise year after year, so does ... interest in aquatic recreation. Burgess, however, does not discount the great white: The bull draws a lot of votes because the location, Matawan Creek, suggests brackish or fresh waters, a habitat that bulls frequent and whites avoid. The writer concluded, "This would account for their boldness and their craving for human flesh. Women Are Panic-Stricken as Mutilated Body of Hotel Employee Is Brought Ashore", Joseph Dunn's census and hospital records, "2 Weeks, 4 Deaths, and the Beginning of America's Fear of Sharks", "Many See Sharks, But All Get Away. Since 1916, scholars have debated which shark species was responsible and the number of animals involved, with the great white shark and the bull shark most frequently cited. Brody adds, "And there's no limit to what he's gonna do! Authorities on Long Island are monitoring a shark measuring at least 10 feet that was spotted in shallow waters Saturday morning in Suffolk County. [54][55], Academics were skeptical that a shark could produce fatal wounds on human victims. Sharks were spotted near Bayonne, New Jersey; Rocky Point, New York; Bridgeport, Connecticut; Jacksonville, Florida; and Mobile, Alabama, and a columnist from Field & Stream captured a sandbar shark in the surf at Beach Haven. The shark attacks targetted 2 children, a 12-year-old girl and a 13-year-old boy, who were apparently bitten in their legs. One of the boys had brought along his pet dog, which was swimming with them as well. Major American newspapers such as the Boston Herald, Chicago Sun-Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, The Washington Post, and San Francisco Chronicle placed the story on the front page. [31] Several fishermen claimed to have caught the "Jersey man-eater" in the days following the attacks. The pair were treated for the puncture wounds and launched, each with a bandaged right let. They pulled him from the water, but he bled to death on the way to shore. The novel was adapted as the film Jaws by Steven Spielberg in 1975. 53,262, © 2020 NYP Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved [50], Before 1916, American scholars doubted that sharks would fatally wound a living person in the temperate waters of the northeastern United States without provocation. And he's going to continue to feed here as long as there is food in the water." 75. This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 18:01. Before Stilwell could climb from the creek, the shark pulled him underwater. After the attacks on Stilwell, Fisher, and Dunn, residents of Matawan lined Matawan Creek with nets and detonated dynamite in an attempt to catch and kill the shark. Matawan's Population, With Weapons And Dynamite, Seek Man-Eater That Killed Two. The shark nearly sank the boat before Schleisser killed it with a broken oar. "[46] However, the likelihood that one shark was involved is contested. The shark bit his left leg, but Dunn was rescued by his brother and friend after a vicious tug-of-war battle with the shark. Despite the town's efforts, no sharks were captured or killed in Matawan Creek. Fisher and others dived into the creek to find Stilwell, believing him to have suffered a seizure. [10], The fifth and final victim, Joseph Dunn, 14, of New York City was attacked a half-mile from the Wyckoff dock nearly 30 minutes after the fatal attacks on Stilwell and Fisher. His leering, chinless face, his great mouth with its rows of knife-like teeth, which he knows too well to use on the fisherman's gear; the relentless fury with which, when his last hour has come, he thrashes on deck and snaps at his enemies; his toughness, his brutal, nerveless vitality and insensibility to physical injury, fail to elicit the admiration one feels for the dashing, brilliant, destructive, gastronomic bluefish, tunny, or salmon. [48] Ellis remarks that "to try to make the facts as we know them conform to the 'rogue shark' theory is stretching sensationalism and credibility beyond reasonable limits." The attacks forced ichthyologists to reassess common beliefs about the abilities of sharks and the nature of shark attacks. "[15] Still, State Fish Commissioner of Pennsylvania and former director of the Philadelphia Aquarium James M. Meehan asserted in the Philadelphia Public Ledger that the shark was preying on the dog and had bitten Vansant by mistake. [28] Hundreds of sharks were captured on the East Coast as a result of the attacks. The island was the locale for over 16% of the world's fatal attacks from 2011 to 2016. 			 On July 8, armed motorboats patrolling the beach at Spring Creek chased an animal they thought to be a shark, and Asbury Park's Asbury Avenue Beach was closed after lifeguard Benjamin Everingham claimed to have beaten off a 12-foot-long (4 m) shark with an oar. [34] Schleisser mounted the shark and placed it on display in the window of a Manhattan shop on Broadway, but it was later lost. Broadway Books, 2001. New Theories As To Why Coast Is Now Infested", https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/1951, Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 bibliography, Listen to this article or download mp3 of, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jersey_Shore_shark_attacks_of_1916&oldid=991557117, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The attacks became the subject of documentaries for the History Channel, National Geographic Channel, and Discovery Channel, which aired 12 Days of Terror (2004) and the Shark Week episode Blood in the Water (2009). After the first fatality, newspaper cartoonists began using sharks as caricatures for political figures, German U-boats, Victorian morality and fashion, polio, and the deadly heat wave threatening the Northeast at the time. The second major attack occurred on Thursday, July 6, 1916, at the resort town of Spring Lake, New Jersey, 45 miles (72 km) north of Beach Haven. Long Island Sound is a tidal estuary connected to the Atlantic Ocean and located between Connecticut (to the north) and Long Island (to the south). [51] In 1891, millionaire banker and adventurer Hermann Oelrichs offered a $500 reward in the New York Sun "for an authenticated case of a man having been attacked by a shark in [the] temperate waters" north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Located 30 miles (48 km) north of Spring Lake and inland of Raritan Bay, Matawan resembled a Midwestern town rather than an Atlantic beach resort. Its maximum length is forty feet and its teeth are three inches (76 mm)  long. "[49], In 2011, further study was conducted in the Smithsonian Channel's The Real Story: Jaws. The Jersey beach! [26] Shark hunts ensued across the coasts of New Jersey and New York; as the Atlanta Constitution reported on July 14, "Armed shark hunters in motor boats patrolled the New York and New Jersey coasts today while others lined the beaches in a concerted effort to exterminate the man-eaters ..."[27] New Jersey governor James Fairman Fielder and local municipalities offered bounties to individuals hunting sharks. The attack by the 8–11-foot (2.4–3.4 m) tiger shark occurred in 10–15 feet (3.0–4.6 m) of water and was witnessed by victim's snorkeling partner and groundskeeper. Being unable to move quickly and without food, he had come in to bite the dog and snapped at the man in passing. As the national media descended on Beach Haven, Spring Lake, and Matawan, the Jersey Shore attacks started a shark panic. Morrell's body was recovered and later autopsied at Maui Memorial Hospital by the County Coroner. A 10-year-old boy is in hospital with injuries to the head and chest after a shark grabbed him from a boat and attacked him off the coast of Tasmania, Australia. [3] The growing panic cost New Jersey resort owners an estimated $250,000 ($5,900,000 in 2019) in lost tourism, and sun bathing declined by 75 percent in some areas. Guards Find Him Dying. Hawaii) Confirmed Unprovoked Attacks by White Sharks", George Burgess, "The Relative Risk of Shark Attacks to Humans: More People Mean More Attacks,", Hugh M. Smith, "Great Shark May Have Swallowed, Adam Dunn, "Review: A biting history on the roots of 'Jaws'," review of, Lane Hartill, "My, what nice teeth you have,", Last edited on 30 November 2020, at 18:01, List of fatal shark attacks in the United States, "Shark Kills Bather Off Jersey Beach. [44], The casualties of the 1916 attacks are listed in the International Shark Attack File—of which Burgess is director—as victims of a great white. Investigators want to know whether two children bitten on Wednesday in the waters off New York beaches were attacked by sharks. The sight of his dark, lean [dorsal] fin lazily cutting zig-zags in the surface of some quiet, sparkling summer sea, and then slipping out of sight not to appear again, suggests an evil spirit. [66][67] Fernicola's research is the basis of an episode of the History Channel's documentary series In Search of History titled "Shark Attack 1916" (2001) and the Discovery Channel's docudrama 12 Days of Terror (2004). Seattle hardcore band Akimbo's 2008 concept album Jersey Shores was based on the 1916 attacks. We've received your submission. [39] Researchers such as Thomas Helm, Harold W. McCormick, Thomas B. Allen, William Young, Jean Campbell Butler, and Michael Capuzzo generally agree with Murphy and Lucas. Bruder was attacked while swimming 130 yards (120 m) from shore. Another cartoon depicted "an exasperated individual at the end of a dock that displays a 'Danger: No Swimming' sign and mentions the three most emphasized 'danger' topics of the day: 'Infantile Paralysis (polio), Epidemic Heat Wave, and Sharks in the Ocean'." These creatures are of a vicious disposition, and when annoyed are extremely dangerous to approach, and it is a common theory that Bruder may have disturbed one while it was asleep on or close to the surface. [9] Stilwell's body was recovered 150 feet (46 m) upstream from the Wyckoff dock on July 14. Cops were sent to monitor man-eaters lurking underwater near Long Island’s South Shore on Wednesday after three consecutive days of shark sightings in the area, the Long Island Press reported. In July 1916, ichthyologist and editor for the National Geographic Society Hugh McCormick Smith published an article in the Newark Star-Eagle describing some shark species as "harmless as doves and others the incarnation of ferocity." Scientists such as Victor M. Coppleson and Jean Butler, relying on evidence presented by Lucas and Murphy in 1916, assert that a single shark was responsible. https://nypost.com/2020/07/30/massive-bull-shark-caught-off-long-island-coast The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 were a series of shark ... a novel about a rogue great white shark that terrorizes the fictional Long Island coastal community of Amity. "[22][23], Local New Jersey governments made efforts to protect bathers and the economy from man-eating sharks. One skeptical scientist wrote, "There is a great difference between being attacked by a shark and being bitten by one." To calm the growing panic, the three men stressed that a third run-in with a shark was unlikely, although they were admittedly surprised that sharks bit anyone at all. Brian Handwerk, "Great Whites May Be Taking the Rap for Bull Shark Attacks," August 2, 2002, George H. Burgess, interview with Michael Capuzzo, n.d., available at. 				Your Ad Choices			 Scientists believe it is most unlikely that a shark was responsible, and lots of people though believe it much more likely that the attack was made by a sea turtle. Lucas and Nichols proposed that a northward-swimming rogue shark was responsible. Since records began, New Zealand has suffered 12 fatal shark attacks dating back to the 1850s, with at least 50 non-fatal attacks recorded. "[30], Witnesses of the Beach Haven fatality estimated that the shark was 9 feet (3 m) long. Photo: Getty Images Shark attacks closed Fire Island beaches Wednesday, alarming swimmers across Long Island and raising questions about the safety of New York beaches. As of late 2018 there have been 27 fatal attacks and 56 total attacks since 1913. The cartoon is entitled "What's a Family Man to Do? They each suffered deep cuts but … Lucas summed up his argument by pointing to Oelrichs's unclaimed reward and that the chances of being bitten by a shark were "infinitely less than that of being struck by lightning and that there is practically no danger of an attack from a shark about our coasts. Treasury secretary William Gibbs McAdoo suggested that the Coast Guard be mobilized to patrol the Jersey Shore and protect sun bathers. The incidents occurred during a deadly summer heat wave and polio epidemic in the United States that drove thousands of people to the seaside resorts of the Jersey Shore. Ichthyologist Henry Weed Fowler and curator Henry Skinner of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia asserted that a shark's jaws did not have the power to sever a human leg in a single bite. Capuzzo, Michael. ... 1916! The House of Representatives appropriated $5,000 ($120,000 in 2019 dollars) for eradicating the New Jersey shark threat, and President Woodrow Wilson scheduled a meeting with his Cabinet to discuss the fatal attacks. "[64] Richard Ellis, Richard Fernicola, and Michael Capuzzo all suggest that the 1916 Jersey Shore attacks, Coppleson's rogue shark theory, and the exploits of New York fisherman Frank Mundus inspired Benchley. The East Coast shark hunt has been described as "the largest scale animal hunt in history. [4] Matawan's location made it an unlikely site for interactions between sharks and humans. [18] A press conference was convened on July 8, 1916, at the American Museum of Natural History, with scientists Frederic Augustus Lucas, John Treadwell Nichols, and Robert Cushman Murphy as panelists. Personal and national reaction to the fatalities involved a wave of panic that led to shark hunts aimed at eradicating the population of "man-eating" sharks and protecting the economies of New Jersey's seaside communities. The reason for the frequency of fatal attacks has to do with the island's tropical location. Resort towns enclosed their public beaches with steel nets to protect swimmers. [7], The boys ran to town for help, and several men, including local businessman Watson Stanley Fisher, 24, came to investigate. Lifeguards Chris Anderson and George White rowed to Bruder in a lifeboat and realized he had been bitten by a shark. Matawan mayor Arris B. Henderson ordered the Matawan Journal to print wanted posters offering a $100 reward ($2,300 in 2019 dollars) to anyone who killed a shark in the creek. Shortly after entering the water, Vansant began shouting. "[58], By the end of July 1916, John Nichols and Robert Murphy were taking the great white more seriously. Bathers believed he was calling to the dog, but a shark was actually biting Vansant's legs. [35], No further attacks were reported along the Jersey Shore in the summer of 1916 after the capture of Schleisser's great white shark. "[57], The Jersey Shore attacks compelled scientists in the United States to revise their assumptions that sharks were timid and powerless. A shark bit him in the abdomen and severed his legs; Bruder's blood turned the water red. To find it swimming in a tidal creek is, to say the least, unusual, and may even be impossible. Elsewhere in the book are accounts of well-documented shark-human interactions at Ahwaz, Iran, which is 90 miles (140 km) upriver from the sea. "[53] The reward went unclaimed and scientists remained convinced that the upper eastern coast of the United States was inhabited by harmless sharks. [16] He specifically de-emphasized the threat sharks posed to humans: Despite the death of Charles Vansant and the report [of] two sharks having been caught in that vicinity recently, I do not believe there is any reason why people should hesitate to go in swimming at the beaches for fear of man-eaters. Police … The museum sits just down the street from the site of the first attack at Beach Haven on Long Beach Island. The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 were a series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey, in the United States, between July 1 and 12, 1916, in which four people were killed and one injured. Sorry, your blog cannot share posts by email. Guests and workers at the Essex & Sussex and neighboring hotels raised money for Bruder's mother in Switzerland. "[42], Ellis points out that the great white "is an oceanic species, and Schleisser's shark was caught in the ocean. Bull sharks swim from the ocean into freshwater rivers and streams and have attacked people around the world. The bull shark, however, is infamous for its freshwater meanderings, as well as for its pugnacious and aggressive nature." "[62] With World War I ongoing in 1916 and America's growing distrust of Germany, cartoonists depicted U-boats with the mouth and fins of a shark assaulting Uncle Sam while he wades in the water.[63]. Richard G. Fernicola published two studies of the event, and notes that "there are many theories behind the New Jersey attacks," and all are inconclusive. 				Your California Privacy Rights			 "Man-eater." 			 He concluded that "because it is evident that even a relatively small white shark, weighing two or three hundred pounds, might readily snap the largest human bones by a jerk of its body, after it has bitten through the flesh."[59]. Chief of police Martin Brody, biologist Matt Hooper, and fisherman Quint hunt the shark after it kills four people. According to SharkAttackFile.info, 57-year-old Bruno Junker was bitten by a shark while spear fishing out … Several Long Island beaches are closed after yet another shark was spotted off the coast of Jones Beach — believed to be the fourth sighting in the last 24 hours. [65] The attacks are also briefly referred to in Benchley's novel White Shark. Other evidence such as Joseph Dunn's injury suggested that the type of bite was more likely made by a bull shark as opposed to a great white, leading some to believe more than one shark was likely involved in the five incidents. They believed it would eventually arrive along New York's coast: "Unless the shark came through the Harbor and went through the north through Hell Gate and Long Island Sound, it was presumed it would swim along the South Shore of Long Island and the first deep water inlet it reaches will be the Jamaica Bay. Charles Epting Vansant, 23, of Philadelphia, was on vacation at the Engleside Hotel with his family. When he opened the shark's belly, he removed a "suspicious fleshy material and bones" that took up "about two-thirds of a milk crate" and "together weighed fifteen pounds. In his book Sharks: Attacks on Man (1975), Llano writes, One of the most surprising aspects of the Matawan Creek attacks was the distance from the open sea. After locating the boy's body and attempting to return to shore, Fisher was also bitten by the shark in front of the townspeople, losing Stilwell in the process. Whereas sharks had previously been seen as harmless, after the Jersey Shore attacks of 1916 the pendulum of public opinion swung to the other extreme, and sharks quickly came to be viewed not only as eating machines, but also as fearless, ruthless killers. [5] Around 2:00 PM a group of local boys, including young Lester Stilwell, 11, were playing in the creek together. Shark attacks on people are extremely rare in waters off Fire Island or anywhere else in the state, according to Ian Levine, chief of the Ocean Beach … [25], Resort communities along the Jersey Shore petitioned the federal government to aid local efforts to protect beaches and hunt sharks. 				Privacy Notice			 Joseph Dunn was taken to Saint Peter's University Hospital in New Brunswick; he recovered from the bite and was released on September 15, 1916.[11]. Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Spielberg's film makes reference to the events of 1916: Brody (Roy Scheider) and Hooper (Richard Dreyfuss) urge Amity's Mayor Vaughn (Murray Hamilton) to close the beaches on the Fourth of July after the deaths of two swimmers and a fisherman. Meanwhile, NBC 4 has new information that the Maine shark attack victim was … Shore Thing, IMDB - https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1290114, "Bathers Need Have No Fear of Sharks: Lousy Fish Expert Declares One That Killed Swimmer May Have Sought To Attack Dog,", "Motor Boats Hunt Man-Eating Sharks Off Jersey Coast,", "Shark Guards Out At Beach Resorts; Wire Nets Set Against Supposed Man-Eater That Killed Spring Lake Bather,". 			Do Not Sell My Personal Information, Your California Privacy Rights			 It was demonstrated in the Matawan Creek attacks, for example, that the full moon of the lunar cycle, which would have coincided with the attacks, would have raised the salinity in the water by more than double just a few hours before high tide. [8] His right thigh was severely injured and he bled to death at Monmouth Memorial Hospital in Long Branch at 5:30 PM. June to July 14, 1916."[61]. [56] Frederic Lucas, director of the American Museum of Natural History, questioned whether a shark even as large as 30 feet (9 m) could snap a human bone. The first major attack occurred on Saturday, July 1 at Beach Haven, a resort town established on Long Beach Island off the southern coast of New Jersey. However, our examination of the site reveals that the size of the "creek," its depth, and salinity regime were closer to a marine embayment and that a smallish white clearly could have wandered into the area. [52] He wanted proof that "in temperate waters even one man, woman, or child, while alive, was ever attacked by a shark. Great white shark tracked in Long Island Sound. "[6] A dorsal fin appeared in the water and the boys realized it was a shark. Hoffman was certain she was going to be devoured by the "Jersey man-eater", but later admitted she was "not sure ... whether she had her trouble for nothing or had barely escaped death. 			 Shark attack confirmed on Long Island investigators had a tooth fragment recovered after a thirteen year old was bitten off the coast. Injuries included amputation of left arm at the shoulder, right forearm, left leg above the hip joint, and right foot/lower leg. In an interview with Michael Capuzzo, ichthyologist George H. Burgess surmises, "The species involved has always been doubtful and likely will continue to generate spirited debate." Robert Murphy and John Nichols wrote in October 1916: There is something peculiarly sinister in the shark's make-up. Police have deployed helicopters and boats to track sharks on the coastlines of Long Island and Maine after a New York City woman was fatally attacked by a great white this week — and several other sightings startled beach-goers. Accidental in summer. Since an appropriate sized white shark with human remains in its stomach was captured nearby shortly after the attacks (and no further incidents occurred), it seems likely that this was the shark involved in at least the Matawan fatalities. Nevertheless, Nichols—the only ichthyologist in the trio—warned swimmers to stay close to shore and to take advantage of the netted bathing areas installed at public beaches after the first attack. [24] The Fourth Avenue Beach at Asbury Park was enclosed with a steel-wire-mesh fence and patrolled by armed motorboats; it remained the only beach open following the Everingham incident. [12] According to Capuzzo, this panic was "unrivaled in American history", "sweeping along the coasts of New York and New Jersey and spreading by telephone and wireless, letter and postcard. Fernicola notes, "Since 1916 was among the years that Americans were trying to break away from the rigidity and conservatism of the Victorian period, one comic depicted a risqué polka-dot bathing suit and advertised it as the secret weapon to keep sharks away from our swimmers." It was produced by the George Marine Library in 1991; however, it was never widely released. "[29], After the second incident, scientists and the public began presenting theories to explain which species of shark was responsible for the Jersey Shore attacks or whether multiple sharks were involved. When Thomas Cottrell, a sea captain and Matawan resident, spotted an 8-foot-long (2.4 m) shark in the creek, the town dismissed him. The 1916 fatal attacks are the subject of three studies: Richard G. Fernicola's In Search of the "Jersey Man-Eater" (1987) and Twelve Days of Terror (2001) and Michael Capuzzo's Close to Shore (2001). 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