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</html>";s:4:"text";s:32459:"Severely attacked seedlings are stunted and may eventually die. Amaranth contains between 75% and 87% of … Transplanting is preferred when there is limited amount of seed, plenty of labour, and during the wet season when heavy rains and flooding are most likely to wash out seeds. Many amaranth species are collected from the wild for subsistence, while only few are cultivated or occur as protected weeds in backyards and home gardens (Stallknecht and Schulz-Schaeffer, 1993; Ouma ; Biovision TTU, ICIPE: Keller, 2004). Irrigate thoroughly to maintain vigorous plant growth. L. 529-547 (2018). While originating from tropical America amaranth is now very widely distributed throughout the tropics. Choanephora blight (also called Choanephora rot) is caused by fungus Choanephora cucurbitarium. AVRDC International cooperators' guide: Vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus L.). Severely mined leaves may turn yellow and drop. Amaranth is one of many grains that does not contain gluten and can be safely eaten by those struggling with a gluten intolerance. Aztecs and peoples of other cultures consumed both the leafy greens and the seeds, and they used the plants as medicinal herbs and as a source of ceremonial face and body paint. Spider mites (Tetranychus spp., Mononychellus spp., Oligonychus spp.). Prepare field and remove weeds well ahead (10-14 days) of planting the crop in the field. Place each transplant in its hole and cover the roots with soil and lightly firm. The distance between centres of adjacent furrows should be about 150 cm with a 90 cm bed top. Buying organic amaranth seeds is important not only for the health of you and your family with the guarantee that the seeds are NOT treated with fungicides, but also because … Re-apply after a rain. ; Wu, T.H. They are ground into flour, popped like popcorn or cooked into porridge. In addition, indiscriminate use of pesticides has led to resurgence of secondary pests, decimation of natural enemies and high residues on the produce which pose serious challenges to human and animal health (Chahal et al., 1997; Arivudainambi et al., 2010; Srinivasan, 2012). Avoid over-irrigation, which may enhance disease development and nutrient leaching. But before we dive into our research, here are some interesting facts about organic and natural pesticides: 1. Adult leafminers are 1.3-1.6 mm in length. 2003. Use these homemade remedies selectively, only spraying the infected plants. There are about 60 species of Amaranthus, however, only a limited number are of the cultivated ty… The adult weevil lays its eggs in branch crotches, and the larvae bore through stems to the root collar hollowing the stems. Mite damage may be particularly severe during the dry season. The pesticides that are allowed for organic food production are typically NOT manmade.” Learn more at Oregon State’s National Pesticide Information Center. Several species of amaranth have been used for food by Native Americans and pre-Columbian civilizations since prehistoric times. But the main components that make amaranth oil unique are the two most important antioxidants – vitamin E and squalene. Aphids are the tiny pest that sucks the sap from the stem of a plant. One single harvesting is adapted for short maturing and quick growing varieties such as A. tricolor. Plants, in particular young plants, may dry out and die under heavy aphid attack. Choanephora fruit rot  (Choanephora cucurbitarum) on pumpkin, Ⓒ Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org. While originating from tropical America amaranth is now very widely distributed throughout the tropics. First instars are 7-12mm, fully grown caterpillars are 3.5-5 cm long. Damping-off caused by Pythium may occur when the seed-bed is too wet. Direct seeding is appropriate when plenty of seed is available, labour is limited, and during the dry season when frequency of flooding is less. Feeding by larvae results in stems that are more susceptible to wind breakage, thus increasing crop losses. There are about 60 species of Amaranthus, however, only a limited number are of the cultivated types, while most are considered weedy species and hence rarely preserved. Ploughing exposes caterpillars to, Conserve natural enemies. Amaranth greens can be harvested young and added to salad mixes and sandwiches, while larger leaves and shoots are perfect for steaming, braising or sautéing. Amaranth has the power to reduce inflammation, which is associated with just about every health condition. During rainy season it can cause heavy defoliation. Mulching is easier to apply if the amaranth crop is transplanted, but can also be used for row-seeded crops after the seedlings reach a height of 10 to 15 cm. Amaranth grows from sea level to 2400 m altitude. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division on Policy and Global Affairs Development, Security, and Cooperation. Fully grown caterpillars are 35-50 mm long. Adult weevil in amaranth stem. Also dense planting without sufficient aeration enhances disease development. However, this should be done early in the day to allow the foliage to dry. Affected seedlings eventually wilt (post-emergence damping-off). Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients, thereby resulting in reduced yield. Avoid dense planting to allow sufficient aeration. In Asia and South America Amaranth is cultivated as a grain crop. Thanks to our press, the oilcake is gently produced by cold pressing, without adding heat. Apply them early in the morning or just before dark. Aphids (Myzus persicae). Adult weevils feed on leaves, but the larvae (grubs) are more damaging because they bore into roots and stems, causing rotting and potentially lodging and predisposition to diseases. Grow amaranth as a nutritious, rice-like grain, or for the bright leaves to use in salads! After the arrival of the Spanish Conq… Amaranth oil contains about 10% fatty oils with unique properties. “Organic foods are not necessarily pesticide-free. The easiest way to prevent insect damage in your garden is to discourage them from coming in the first place. Plant parasitic nematodes are reported to occur but are not a serious problem.See detailled information below. In fact, the l… Clarke-Harris et al. Explore a world of ingredients with NutriCargo. Amaranth grows best in loam or silty-loam soils with good water-holding capacity, but it can grow on a wide range of soil types and soil moisture levels. A minimum temperature of 15-17degC is needed for seed germination. First harvest is at a plant height of 30 cm, about 6 weeks after transplanting. Whole plants are pulled from soil with roots, washed and tied in bundles. The larvae pupate in the stem. If it holds together when you release your grip, there is sufficient soil moisture; if the soil crumbles, it is time to irrigate. This allows to save valuable ingredients. Females are slightly larger than males. 2. Heavy attack on older plants may cause crop loss by decreasing flower and seed production. Early instars are about 7-12 mm long. Pests tend to avoid it with one exception. This also adds minor amounts of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) to the soil, which helps in the establishment of the seedlings. It can be green, black or white in color. Concerning fiber, the amaranth grain is considered a good source of insoluble fiber. The protein also has a well-balanced amino acid profile and is high in lysine. Damage on leaf by leafminers   (Liriomyza spp.) The adult female is 0.6 mm long. Amaranth and other leafy vegetables have a large surface and loose water rapidly. A study done in Mexico on amaranth discovered a protein similar to lunasin. The disease is caused by Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani and Aphanomyces sp. Note, Sleeper Seed: How Palmer Amaranth Infiltrated America’s Heartland, 23 DRAKE J. AGRI. Amaranth’s protein digestibility score is an impressive 90 percent, much higher than problematic foods such as soy, milk and wheat. 1915 - First reported in Virginia b… The amaranth weevil, Conotrachelus seniculus, is a potential pest of amaranth. We grow both ethnic and native vegetables using sustainable and organic farming practices. Monitor damage by counting damaged and freshly cut young plants. The seeds of the "Grain Amaranth" were harvested by Aztec and Inca tribes in Central and South America. Use in mixed beds, borders and hanging baskets for an eye-catching display or cut and use fresh or dried in bouquets. For more information, read How to Understand Labels on Natural and Chemical P… and Woomer, P.L. Amaranth can tolerate a soil pH from 4.5 to 8. The following specifications constitute raw material purchasing requirements. However, in severe outbreaks a young crop may be destroyed. Prepare 20 cm high beds during the dry season and 30 cm during the wet season using a plough. The leaves are rich in calcium, iron and vitamins A, B and C, but fairly low in carbohydrates (Ouma, Biovision TTU, ICIPE). The oil contains a large amount of linoleic acid. Infection is predisposed by injuries. They can also be grown in divided trays, lifted with the root ball intact and transplanted. Map showing the Geographical Distribution of Amaranth Crop in Africa. (AVRDC, 2011). The disease is spread by air currents and infected seeds. The seeds are eaten as a cereal grain. Amaranth is planted either by direct seeding or transplanting. The male is smaller. It contains high-quality and biologically necessary protein, which is rich in essential amino acids. We're happy to help. This is a favorite vegetable in Chinese and Vietnamese stir-fries and the red leaves will color the dish red. Office Hours: Monday – Friday: 10:00am – 4:00pm PST Palmer amaranth is a weed that can significantly reduce crop yields and increase crop production costs. They are important in natural control of aphids. Affected plant parts have hairy appearance (silk-like threads) consisting of fungal spores. Only three species are commonly grown as minor food crops in modern agriculture: … Of all the indigenous tropical leafy vegetables, amaranth has the largest number of species and varieties. Cutworm damage is usually minor and does not normally warrant control. Smart gardeners use this to their advantage, planting amaranth near their cucumber patch to draw away the beetles. For more information on. ; Wang, S.T. To identify which varieties are best adapted to your location, compare during different growing seasons the yield potential of currently grown varieties with that of other available varieties (AVRDC 2011). Himalayan Puffed Amaranth-Grown under natural conditions without the use of pesticides in high altitudes of the Kumaon Himalayas, Amaranth has the highest calcium content among cereals and is rich in iron and vitamin B-17. The striped cucumber beetle will go after the young plants. Amaranth Advisors LLC was an American multi-strategy hedge fund founded by Nicholas M. Maounis and headquartered in Greenwich, Connecticut. Stem-boring weevils such as the pigweed weevil (Hypolixus haerens) are the most damaging causing plants to wither and lodge. When direct seeding is used, seeds are either broadcasted or sown in rows. Amaranth seeds are said to have more balanced levels of the essential amino acids than other cereals. Amaranth Sprout Powder 2.2 LBS (1000 G) from NutriCargo. Amaranth seeds are unusually high in protein for a non-legume (12–18% crude protein) (Kauffman and Weber, 1990). Be sure the organic mulching materials are free of weed seeds. The main pest that is known to infect or damage gomphrena is the Aphids. Cover seed lightly with a layer of compost or rice hulls immediately after broadcasting. It can however tolerate periods of drought after the plant has become established. Natural enemies foraging for pests within farms sprayed with pesticides often risk coming into contact with the pesticide which may lead to their death or cause an indirect effect by impairing their performance (Srinivasan, 2012). it’s the time for sowing the seeds, take prevention against ants, they will eat the seeds. Control measures are necessary when attack is severe, especially on young plants. Be sure to spray the underneath of the leaves. It causes wet rot of stems and leaves. Monitor cutworm at dawn. The choice of planting method depends on availability of seed and labour and may also vary with the growing season. The crop is more susceptible to these diseases under humid conditions, high plant density and high doses of nitrogen. . Rhizoctonia solani ). There are two main ways to use trap crops – to test if you have specific pest insects, and then to attract those pests to better control and minimize or prevent their damage to your desired food crop.. after sowing the seeds use a sprayer for watering, this will ensure enough water to the seeds and we can prevent excess amount to the box. Amaranth is grown during both wet and dry seasons, though irrigation is normally required for dry season crops since the rate of transpiration by the leaves is fairly high. Lunasin is generally believed to prevent cancer. (2011). Neem water extracts and neem oil give good control of leafminers. The oil contains a large amount of linoleic acid. It is a traditional food of Native Americans including the Navajo, Pima, Yuma and Mohave. Keller, G.B. Spider mites feeding on plants may cause reduction in plant growth, flowering, and number of seeds. Some varieties available in Kenya are KK Livokoyi, KK Mrambi, KAT Gold and Terere smart (KEPHIS, 2018). Irrigate immediately after transplanting to establish good root-to-soil contact. Although amaranth is relatively drought tolerant, yet insufficient water will reduce yield. Adult wingless females are oval-bodied, 1-2 mm in body length, of very variable colour. Palmer amaranth was accidentally introduced to the southeastern US. Broadcast seeds uniformly at the rate of 0.5 to 1.0 g/m2 of bed. ... A Natural Approach to Pest Control (Timber Press, 2013) and co-host of Pittsburgh’s top-rated gardening radio program, The Organic … At its peak, the firm had up to $9.2 billion in assets under management before collapsing in September 2006, after losing in excess of $6 billion on natural gas futures. Small aphid populations may be relatively harmless, but heavily infested plants usually have wrinkled leaves, stunted growth and deformed seeds. Another way to estimate soil moisture content is to take a handful of soil from the bottom of a 15 cm hole. Frequent applications of water are required, related to the stage of growth of the crop and the moisture-retaining capacity of the soil. Your daily values may be higher or lower, depending on your calorie needs. Amaranth seeds have a protein content of about 16 percent, more than other widely consumed cereals like conventional wheat, rice or maize, according to a book on the topic by the US National Research Council. With multiple harvests, young leaves and tender shoots are picked at 2 to 3 week intervals. Savala, C.E.N., Omare, M.N. Phone: 1-877-353-4028 Email: info@onegreenworld.com Retail Garden Center: 7 days a week from 10:00am-5:00pm. Palmer amaranth is a weed that can be difficult to control and can develop resistance to several commonly used herbicides. pollution and pest resistance to pesticides. Preserving the land for future generations is just as important to us as growing vegetables and fruits. The different species may suit different altitudes. Damage is most severe when mites attack young plants.  Greens - Red Amaranth - Amaranthus viridus. Amaranth is susceptible to damage by foliar insects such as leafminers, leafroller caterpillars, cutworms, aphids, flea beetles, and mites.An effective method of controlling insect pests is to cover the bed with a fine screen or nylon mesh netting (32-mesh or finer) (AVRDC, 2011). In South Africa, attack by this weevil has been associated with extensive tissue discolouration, decay and cankers in branches, stems, and root collars of Amaranthus hybridus. It is adapted to low to medium humidity (Bruce French, EcoPort). Wet rot (also called Choanephora rot or blight) caused by Choanephora cucurbitarum and some other fungal diseases (Alternaria, Cercospora, Phoma, Rhizoctonia) may cause problems. Amaranth Acres is a family-owned vegetable farm and fruit orchard located in Dickerson in the agricultural reserve of Montgomery County, Maryland. Annual Red Amaranth variety grows beautiful red-striped edible leaves for fresh and cooked uses. Sow seeds 5 cm apart within the row and cover with a layer of compost or rice hulls. The amaranth family includes flowers, herbs, and weeds. Normally the hotter it is the better it grows and it generally thrives within a temperature range of 22-30degC. But the main components that make amaranth oil unique are the two most important antioxidants – vitamin E and squalene. Increased damage from rots and larval boring can result in greater potential for lodging of the plants. The caterpillar emerges from the soil at night, encircles the plant with its body and cut through the stem of young plants just above ground level. Wear protective clothing when spraying insecticides. Since amaranth seeds are very small, mixing seeds with sand at a ratio of 1 g seed to 100 g sand makes it easier to sow the seed and to obtain a uniform stand. Adult weevils are 11.7 mm long. Amaranth is the name given to a group of approximately 70 species of annual or short-lived perennial plants in the genus Amaranthus including several species of aggressive edible weeds native to the US such as Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed). Products of Amaranth Produkte GmbH & Co. KG. Amaranth can be used as a high-protein grain or as a leafy vegetable. A seedbed free of weed seeds allows amaranth seedlings to get a head start on the weeds and establish a canopy that can shade out emerging weed seedlings. Planting Amaranth Seeds. Wetness of the foliage for an extended period is conducive to development of fungal diseases. Amaranth seeds are called "grain of the XXI century" due to their valuable composition, which is ahead of wheat in nutrient content. Mulching is recommended to reduce weed competition, soil compaction and erosion; mulching also conserves soil moisture. Some varieties are grown and harvested for food. (Eds.). When dietary and environmental toxins build up in the body, the immune system becomes overactive, and it stimulates defense cells and hormones that damage tissues. Amaranth flour is a protein bomb. Amaranth is an herbaceous annual belonging to the family Amaranthaceae with green or red leaves and branched flower stalks (heads) bearing small seeds, variable in colour from cream to gold and pink to shiny black. Late in the season, however, there is no mistaking this striking, tall crop which develops brilliantly colored grain heads producing thousands of tiny seeds. 1. Simply send us a message and we'll respond within 24 hours during regular business hours Monday-Friday 9-5pm EST. For more information on, Whenever necessary spray the crop with neem products. Its life-cycle is adapted to desert conditions; it will germinate and grow to quickly produce abundant seed when water is available. Amaranth plant with stem canker due to weevil attack. Amaranth flour does not contain gluten and includes a wide variety of minerals in large quantities. It lays its eggs in the stem near the ground. Bugs can cause severe damage to flowering head and seeds, and may be particularly damaging to grain amaranth when present in large numbers during the critical seed fill stage. The choice of variety varies widely among regions and is dictated largely by the species available. There is no distinct separation between the vegetable and grain type since the leaves of young grain type plants can be eaten as greens (Stallknecht and Schulz-Schaeffer, 1993). Several species of weevils feed on amaranth. When testing for specific pests, it is best to use a border planting approach, surrounding the garden to get the most accurate results. Amaranth honey is one of the rare varieties of honey and is extremely healthy. Broadcast the seeds lightly in a seedbed and cover them with soil. Amaranth is an herbaceous annual belonging to the family Amaranthaceae with green or red leaves and branched flower stalks (heads) bearing small seeds, variable in colour from cream to gold and pink to shiny black. Leaves and tender shoots are used as vegetables, sometimes cooked with more bitter vegetables such as Spider plant and Black nightshade. Leafminers (Liriomyza spp.) Warm, moist conditions favour disease development. Also known as tassel flower, Love Lies Bleeding (Amaranthus caudatus) grows 3- to 4-feet tall and yields dangling rope-like flowers that are a brilliant ruby red color. The larvae bore into the stem and root tissue, increasing the incidence of diseases. Amaranth stem with cankers due to internal feeding by weevil larvae. Aphids feed by sucking plant sap. They are very important in natural control of leafminers. This weevil has been found to be associated with fungi (mainly Fusarium spp) that cause tissue decay and a canker disease (Blodgett et al., 2004). Especially the green-colored aphid is very common is gomphrena. Got questions? Regardless of species, the choice of variety is influenced by individual preference for leaf colour and taste. The seeds can be germinated into nutritious sprouts (GFU for Underutilized Species). Amaranth's lipid content shows great variations, ranging between 1.9% and 9.7% depending on the species and the genotype. Updated 28 November 2018. Palmer amaranth was added to the Iowa noxious weed list in July 2017. Amaranth seeds are very small and should be barely covered with finely sifted soil for the best results. It contains a large number of useful components and vitamins, acids, micro and macro elements, which favorably affect the healing and strengthening of immunity. The seeds should be one 1cm deep. Damping-off diseases (Pythium spp. Some of the most common commercial amaranths are selections of A. tricolor which come in various leaf colours such as white (light green), dark green, red, purple and variegated. Amaranth is a broadleaf plant that could be mistaken for soybeans early in the growing season by someone driving past a field. Cutworms attack young seedlings. Uproot and destroy attacked plants to reduce number of weevils and prevent damage to healthy plants. Two-spotted  spider mite   (Tetranychus urticae) . Palmer amaranth is an annual plant native to the arid southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. For more information on, Avoid frequent use of broad-spectrum pesticides, in particular, Use overhead irrigation or wash plants with a strong jet of water to knock off mites and destroy their webs. Drip irrigation or micro-sprinkler irrigation is recommended in areas with limited water supply (AVRDC, 2011). Water should be applied especially just after sowing or transplanting to ensure a good stand. African nightshade, eggplant. Cutworm  (Agrotis sp.) Indigenous vegetable production and utilization, Organic Resource Management in Kenya: Perspectives and Guidelines. Damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani) on beans, Ⓒ Juergen Kranz, Courtesy of EcoPort, www.ecoport.org. Amaranth is a grain used to make flour for baking. 26 also leads to the elimination of natural enemies. Amaranth is small-seeded and slow to germinate - therefore, weed control is essential early in the season. When plants are to be grown in rows make furrows 0.5 to1.0 cm deep and space rows 10 cm apart on the bed. Plants may be harvested at once or leaves and tender shoots maybe harvested several times. Cover the seedbeds with an insect-proof net to protect seedlings from pests. Sow seeds 4-6 weeks before the last frost. Zones 2-8. Raising seedlings in a nursery and transplanting them to the field shorten the crop duration in the field, and secure a better and more uniform stand especially during the wet season. Spray copper when the disease is observed, see more under. This exclusive amaranth tea is made from 100% amaranth flowers grown without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It is they that cannot be produced by the body itself and must come from food. They are usually of minor importance in vegetable amaranth, and no control measures are needed. To reduce water loss, harvest during the cooler time of day, such as early morning or late afternoon. Ingredients: Amaranth … Bugs are usually of minor importance in vegetable amaranth, and no control measures are needed. As a rule, the plants should be irrigated if wilting occurs at noon. Marcílio and others (2003), in Brazil, and Escudero and others (2004), in Argentina, reported that from the total dietary fiber in A. cruentus, 4.2% is soluble fiber. Unless otherwise stated, all content on the Infonet Biovision Website is licensed under a, General Information and Agronomic Aspects, Fresh Quality Specifications for the Market in Kenya, Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease (TYLCV), Bio-pesticide: Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), More information on Leafmining flies (leafminers), . Ebert, A.W. The maggot makes long, slender, white mines (tunnels) in leaves. Cutworm damage causes plants to wilt and die. Amaranthus spp. Frequent harvesting of leaves and shoots delays the onset of flowering and thus prolongs the harvest period. A dubius is a popular choice for improving the taste of many traditional leafy vegetables (P Maundu et al., 1999). In the U.S., it can be found in health food stores. Amaranth tea has a bright red color and a unique, interesting taste. Amaranth is the best natural remedy for strengthening immunity. (2004). Seedlings are grown in a seedbed, pulled and bare-root transplanted. Dig holes 10 cm deep on the bed using recommended spacing for the chosen variety. Amaranth oil contains about 10% fatty oils with unique properties. Thorough land preparation is the first key to effective weed control. The Amaranthus genus is a complicated one, featuring at least 75 annual and perennial species that easily cross-breed and hybridize. “Postemergence herbicides that demonstrate control or suppression of Palmer amaranth include synthetic auxin herbicides (dicamba, 2,4-D), diphenylethers (acifluorfen, lactofen, fomesafen), glufosinate, glyphosate, and HPPD inhibitors (mesotrione, tembotrione, topramezone),” says Hager. The leaves are cooked alone or combined with other local vegetables such as spider plant and pumpkins. Conserve natural enemies. They may also damage the plants underground. Amaranth was a major food of the Aztecs and earlier American cultures, having been domesticated thousands of years ago. * Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2000 calorie diet. (c) USDA APHIS Archives, www.insectimages.org, Mchicha (Swahili), Terere (Kikuyu), Lidodo (Luhya), Ododo (Luo), Kelichot (Kipsigis), W'oa (Kamba), Emboga (Kisii), Kichanya (Taita), Doodo (Luganda). Amaranth seeds have nearly twice the lysine content of wheat and three times that of corn. Amaranth is a low management crop and can grow in poor soils, but it will benefit from application of  organic fertiliser resulting in higher yield. How to Use Trap Crops . Aphids are a major pest, causing leaves to curl and become unattractive to customers. The disease is favoured by high soil water content and low soil temperatures. Amaranth is a wonderful multi-use plant that can be grown in the warm months of Zones 9 and 10. Amaranth may prevent cancer. Source www.cabi.org (2014). If seedlings are started in a raised soil bed, the soil should be partially sterilised by burning a 3-5 cm thick layer of rice straw or other dry organic matter on the bed. Seeds may rot in the soil before emergence (pre-emergence damping-off) or seedlings may exhibit stem canker above the soil line and/or root necrosis. Amaranth is a drought-tolerant crop which makes it ideal for xeric gardens. You can spray pesticide … Squeeze the soil. are small flies, 1.3-1.6 mm in length. Damage may also reduce seed viability. Corn, the most commonly used energy source in poultry diets, is rich in leucine but poor in lysine and tryptophan.  Co. KG is controlled by ABCERT AG into the stem near the ground ABCERT AG they will eat the lightly... Us a message and we 'll respond within 24 hours during regular hours. Control and can be germinated into nutritious sprouts ( GFU for Underutilized species ) USDA. Cause crop loss by decreasing flower and develop fewer leaves be barely covered with sifted! Soil pH from 4.5 to 8 cm long distributed throughout the tropics extremely healthy damping-off Rhizoctonia! Direct seeding or transplanting at least 75 annual and perennial species that cross-breed. Broadcast seeds uniformly at the rate of 0.5 to 1.0 g/m2 of bed and freshly cut young,! Available in Kenya are KK Livokoyi, KK Mrambi, KAT Gold and Terere smart ( KEPHIS 2018! 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